The first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity was the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which was popular based on guide-books of Hellenic sight-seers that includes the works located around Mediterranean rim. Greeks believed that number seven (7) is the representation of perfection and plenty. The list has more similarities which included the list of the Medieval World and the Modern World.
The historian Herodotus (484 – ca. 425 BCE), and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305 – 240 BCE) at the Museum of Alexandria, had made early lists of Seven wonders but their writings have not survived except as references.
The seven wonders of the ancient world are:
1. Great Pyramid of Giza
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon
3. Statue of Zeus at Olympia
4. Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
5. Mausoleum of Maussollos at Halicarnassus
6. Colossus of Rhodes
7. Lighthouse of Alexandria
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| Great Pyramid of Giza |
The Great Pyramid of Giza (including the Cheops Pyramid and the Pyramid of Khufu) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids of Giza in the cemetery along what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the seven wonders of the ancient world and the only one that is still largely intact. It is believed the pyramid was a tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Cheops Fourth Dynasty (Cheops in Greek) built and designed over 20 years around 2560 BC finals. The Great Pyramid is the tallest structure in the human world for over 3800 years. Originally from the Great Pyramid was behind by casing stones that a smooth surface that is formed today covered is the basic structure. Some of the stones that once the body structure is still visible at the base. There were different theories about the scientific and other techniques to build the Great Pyramid. Most assumptions are accepted construction is based on the idea that by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting it was built.
There are known three rooms inside the Great pyramid. The bottom chamber is built into the rock on which the pyramid and cut done. The so-called House [1] of the Queen and the King's Chamber are higher in the pyramid-shaped structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The main part of the complex at Giza is a parameter of buildings, the two mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (including in the vicinity of the pyramid and one near the Nile), three small pyramids of Giza for the wives, an even smaller "satellite "pyramid, a raised embankment, the two temples, tombs and small mastaba combines round-the-pyramid for nobles.
There are known three rooms inside the Great pyramid. The bottom chamber is built into the rock on which the pyramid and cut done. The so-called House [1] of the Queen and the King's Chamber are higher in the pyramid-shaped structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The main part of the complex at Giza is a parameter of buildings, the two mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (including in the vicinity of the pyramid and one near the Nile), three small pyramids of Giza for the wives, an even smaller "satellite "pyramid, a raised embankment, the two temples, tombs and small mastaba combines round-the-pyramid for nobles.
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, near modern Al Hillah, Babil, Iraq, are one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient origin considered. They are sometimes called the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. They were built by Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. It would have built the garden with his wife, if you like homesickness, Amytis media, which sought to trees and aromatic plants in their country of Persian origin. The gardens have been several earthquakes after the 2nd Century BC, destroyed.
The lush gardens are exposed to a large extent by the Greek historians such as Strabo and Diodorus of Sicily documented. confused by the centuries, the side with gardens that existed at Nimrud, was that the tablets of here clearly show gardens. Writings on these tablets describe the possible use of something similar to an Archimedes screw seen as a process of collecting water for the 2009 height.May Nebuchadnezzar II also stone blocks that was unheard of, in Babylon, to prevent water erosion.
There is some controversy as to whether the Hanging Gardens an actual creation or a poetic creation by the lack of documentation of them were in the chronicles of Babylonian history. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by Berosus, the Babylonian priest, at the end of the 4th Century BC lived. These accounts were later developed by the Greek historians.
A more recent theory is that the gardens actually under the command of Sennacherib, who ascended the throne of Assyria built in 705 BC, reigned until 681 BC. In further studies on the site of Nineveh (on the eastern bank of the Tigris in ancient Assyria located) gardens were placed next to the entrance to his palace on the banks of the Tigris. It is possible that over the centuries, the two sides was confused, and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were awarded.
The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was made by the Greek sculptor Phidias, by 432 BC at the point where it was built in the Temple of Zeus, Olympia, Greece. He was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
The seated statue, about 12 meters (39 feet) tall, occupied the entire width of the nave of the temple built to house it. "It seems that if Zeus were to stand," the geographer Strabo noted early in the first century BC, "he unroof the temple." The Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, ivory and gilt bronze. No copy of marble or bronze has survived, but there are recognizable, but approximate versions on coins of Elis, and the nearby Roman coins and gems. A very detailed description of the sculpture, and his seat was by registration traveler Pausanias in the second century AD. The statue was crowned with olive branches has been made in gold and sits on a magnificent throne of cedarwood, inlaid with ivory, gold, ebony and precious stones. Zeus in the right hand there was a small statue of St. Nike, the goddess of victory, as chryselephantine, and in his left hand a scepter inlaid with gold, on which an eagle. Plutarch in his Life of Paul, the Roman general Aemilius squatting, records that the victor of Macedonia, when he, the statue "was his mind was moved when he saw the god himself," during the first century AD Greek Dio Chrysostom spoke only explained a look at the statue of a man would forget all earthly cares.
The seated statue, about 12 meters (39 feet) tall, occupied the entire width of the nave of the temple built to house it. "It seems that if Zeus were to stand," the geographer Strabo noted early in the first century BC, "he unroof the temple." The Zeus was a chryselephantine sculpture, ivory and gilt bronze. No copy of marble or bronze has survived, but there are recognizable, but approximate versions on coins of Elis, and the nearby Roman coins and gems. A very detailed description of the sculpture, and his seat was by registration traveler Pausanias in the second century AD. The statue was crowned with olive branches has been made in gold and sits on a magnificent throne of cedarwood, inlaid with ivory, gold, ebony and precious stones. Zeus in the right hand there was a small statue of St. Nike, the goddess of victory, as chryselephantine, and in his left hand a scepter inlaid with gold, on which an eagle. Plutarch in his Life of Paul, the Roman general Aemilius squatting, records that the victor of Macedonia, when he, the statue "was his mind was moved when he saw the god himself," during the first century AD Greek Dio Chrysostom spoke only explained a look at the statue of a man would forget all earthly cares.
The Temple of Artemis (Greek: Ἀρτεμίσιον or Artemis), even less precisely as Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple of a Greek goddess Artemis, ended as that in the phase of identifying known famous, around 550 BC at Ephesus (today's Turkey). The Temple of Artemis was near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south of the modern port city of Izmir, Turkey. Today the town is situated on the edge of the modern town of Selcuk away. Although the monument was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world, only the foundations and fragments of sculptures of the temple. There was the temple to its previous location, is in the detection of a Shrine of the Bronze Age. The whole temple of marble, with the exception of the roof.
The temple is advance by ion migration for many years. Callimachus in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed the origin of the temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagines himself, already focused on a picture. In the seventh century, was the old temple, destroyed by a flood. The construction of the "new" Temple, who had become known as one of the wonders of the ancient world, began around 550 BC. It was a project of 120 years, originally designed and built by Cretan architect and his son Chersiphron Metagen at the expense of Croesus of Lydia.
The temple is advance by ion migration for many years. Callimachus in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed the origin of the temenos at Ephesus to the Amazons, whose worship he imagines himself, already focused on a picture. In the seventh century, was the old temple, destroyed by a flood. The construction of the "new" Temple, who had become known as one of the wonders of the ancient world, began around 550 BC. It was a project of 120 years, originally designed and built by Cretan architect and his son Chersiphron Metagen at the expense of Croesus of Lydia.
The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus (Greek Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ) was a grave built in 353-350 BC at Halicarnassus (now Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolos satrap of the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II Caria, his wife and his sister. The structure was designed by Greek architects and Satyros Pythia. It was about 45 m (148 ft) high, and made all four sides, with reliefs of each of the four Greek sculptors decorated - Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus. The structure was completed as seen in such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most gifted artists of the time. These include Scopas, the man who led the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The sculptors are (in order of Vitruvius) Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timothy, and hundreds of other craftsmen.
The grave was built on a hill above the town. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. In the middle of the courtyard was a stone platform on the grave stone lions flanked Sat Stairs to the upper platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddesses. At each corner stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the grave. In the middle of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one third of the mausoleum of 45 m (148 ft) high. This section was covered with bas-reliefs depicting scenes of the action, including the Battle of the Centaurs with Lapiths and Greeks in the battle against the Amazons, a nation of warriors.
On top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slender columns, ten on each side at each corner of a column exchange between the two parties rose for another third of the height. Standing between each column was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid block of Cella-like the weight of the massive roof of the tomb. The roof, which represent the bulk of the third final height, was pyramidal. Perched on top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a wagon, in which images and rode Mausole Artemisia.
Artemisia spared no expense in building the tomb. She sent messengers to Greece to find the most gifted artists of the time. These include Scopas, the man who led the reconstruction of the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The sculptors are (in order of Vitruvius) Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas and Timothy, and hundreds of other craftsmen.
The grave was built on a hill above the town. The whole structure sat in an enclosed courtyard. In the middle of the courtyard was a stone platform on the grave stone lions flanked Sat Stairs to the upper platform, which bore along its outer walls many statues of gods and goddesses. At each corner stone warriors mounted on horseback guarded the grave. In the middle of the platform, the marble tomb rose as a square tapering block to one third of the mausoleum of 45 m (148 ft) high. This section was covered with bas-reliefs depicting scenes of the action, including the Battle of the Centaurs with Lapiths and Greeks in the battle against the Amazons, a nation of warriors.
On top of this section of the tomb thirty-six slender columns, ten on each side at each corner of a column exchange between the two parties rose for another third of the height. Standing between each column was a statue. Behind the columns was a solid block of Cella-like the weight of the massive roof of the tomb. The roof, which represent the bulk of the third final height, was pyramidal. Perched on top was a quadriga: four massive horses pulling a wagon, in which images and rode Mausole Artemisia.
The Colossus of Rhodes was a statue of the Greek god Helios, erected on the Greek island of Rhodes by Chares of Lindos between 292 and 280 BC. It is considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Before its destruction, the Colossus of Rhodes stood over 30 meters (107 ft) high, making it one of the tallest statues of the ancient world
The statue represented only 56 years until Rhodes by the earthquake in 226 BC, Rhodes, in which the damage to large parts of the city, including the port and commercial buildings was carried out was made, which were destroyed. The statue fell to his knees and fell to the floor. Ptolemy III offered to pay for reconstruction of the statue, but the oracle of Delphi Rhodes was the fear that they had offended Helios, and they refused to rebuild it.
The rest lying on the floor, as Strabo for over 800 years and even broken, they were so impressive that many traveled to see them. Pliny the Elder noted that few people could wrap their arms around the thumbs down, and that each of his fingers was larger than most statues.
In 654, a force in the Arab-Muslim Caliph Muawiyah I captured Rhodes, and as the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, the remains of a Jewish merchant of Edessa were sold. "The buyer had the statue broken down, and transported the bronze scrap on the backs of 900 camels to his house. Theophanes is the only source of the story to which all other sources will be traced. The destruction of Arab stereotyping and the alleged sale to a Jew, perhaps originally a powerful metaphor for the dream of Nebuchadnezzar the destruction of a statue of the great and terrible, and was heard coming from a monk of the seventh century as a sign of the apocalypse to. The same story is registered Barhebraeus, written in Syriac in the 13th century in Edessa (see EA Wallis Budge, The Gregory Abu'l Faraj chronography of, I, p. 98, APA - Philosophia Press, Amsterdam, 1932) (After the looting of Rhodes Arabic) and a large number of men with strong ropes from around the Colossus Messing, who was in town and were bound torn out. And she weighed three thousand loads of Corinthian bronze, and sold them to a Jew Emesa "(the Syrian city of Homs).
The Lighthouse of Alexandria was known, a tower 280-247 BC on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to mariners in port or at night. With a height estimated to vary 393-450 feet (120 and 140 m), it has been for centuries the largest to the artificial structures, and was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world.
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| Lighthouse of Alexandria |
Africa is the second and the world's second largest continent after Asia. About 30.2 million kilometers (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the area of total land area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people (2009, see table) in 61 areas, representing about 14.72% of the human population in the world.
The continent is in the north by the Mediterranean Sea, both the Suez Canal and Red Sea along the Sinai Peninsula in the northeast Indian Ocean in the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent has 54 sovereign countries, including Madagascar, groups of several islands and the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic, a Member of the African Union, whose rule is contested by Morocco.
Africa, especially in central-east Africa, is widespread in the scientific community to the origin of man and the clade Hominidae (apes) are considered, as demonstrated by the discovery of early hominids and their ancestors, and which were later to about dates back seven million years - including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, habilis, ergaster HH - with the first homo sapiens (modern man) is found in Ethiopia dated to 200,000 years.
Africa spans the equator and encompasses numerous climate areas, it is the only continent on which end of the temperate north and south temperate zones.
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